Radioactivity – Basic Facts

People in Ireland are exposed to radiation from either natural or man-made sources present in the environment. Radiation is energy that is transmitted in the form of waves or particles. Radiation is divided into 2 broad categories – ionising radiation, and non-ionising radiation.

Ionising radiation is a proven hazard because it has enough energy to break apart molecules such as DNA which may, in time, cause serious illness. Non-ionising radiation does not have enough energy to cause such damage.

Ionising radiation is a type of energy released by atoms in the form of waves or particles.

Ionising radiation occurs naturally in rocks and soil, in the food and water we eat and drink, and from cosmic rays. Radon, a naturally occurring gas, emanates from rock and soil and is the main source of natural radiation in Ireland. We can also be exposed to ionising radiation via manmade sources through medical uses of radiation for diagnosis or treatments, such as x-rays.

Ionising radiation plays an important role in the economic and social environment in Ireland through its use in the dental, medical, industrial, veterinary, and educational sectors. Sources of ionising radiation used in these sectors have to be managed safely and securely at all times, in an appropriate manner commensurate with the radiation risks involved, including best practice, and international and EU safety standards and guidelines.

Further information on ionising and non-ionising radiation can be found at the following links:

• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - What is radiation?
• World Health Organization (WHO) - Radiation
• EPA - Radiation
• EPA - FAQs on radiation exposure and health
• EPA infographic - Examples of radioactive dose